Kundrati language

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Kundrati language From ParticracyWiki Contents

* 1 Phonemes o 1.1 Consonants o 1.2 Vowels o 1.3 Phonological Constraints * 2 Grammar o 2.1 Nouns + 2.1.1 Explanation of cases + 2.1.2 First Declension (-e) + 2.1.3 Second Declension (-ak) + 2.1.4 Third Declension (-un) + 2.1.5 Fourth Declension (-ath) + 2.1.6 Pronouns o 2.2 Verbs + 2.2.1 Main verb # 2.2.1.1 -id (intransitive) # 2.2.1.2 -da (intransitive) # 2.2.1.3 -gun (transitive) # 2.2.1.4 -tso (transitive) # 2.2.1.5 -se (transitive) + 2.2.2 Auxiliary verb # 2.2.2.1 Present tense # 2.2.2.2 Past tense # 2.2.2.3 Future tense o 2.3 Adjectives * 3 Dictionary

[edit] Phonemes [edit] Consonants Comparison of Basque and Latin using IPA Enlarge Comparison of Basque and Latin using IPA Bi­labial Labio- dental Labio- velar Den­tal Alveo­lar Post- alveo­lar Pala­tal Velar Glot­tal Stop Affricate Nasal Fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Tap Trill p b 	 	  	t d 	  	  	tt dd 	k g ts dz m 	 	  	n 	  	  	ñ f   	  	th    	s 	  	  	  	h y l r rr

* p: pit * b: bit * t: tin, but the tongue touches the back of the teeth instead of the top of the mouth * d: din, see 't'   * tt: at the same place where 'y' (like in 'yes') is pronounced, say a t. It may sound almost like 'ty' (again, using the 'y' in 'yes') * dd: see 'tt', it may sound something like 'dy' * k: kit * g: gut * ts: pits, see 't'   * dz: suds, see 't' {tell me if this is too hard, I'm having problems pronouncing it correctly} * m: map * n: nap, see 't'   * ñ: El Niño; see 'tt', it may sound something like 'ny' * f: fat * th: thin, not this * s: sap * h: ham * y: yes * l: left * r: make the same motion of the tongue in ladder or latter, but say 'r' instead of 'd' or 't'   * rr: arriba; a rolled 'r'

Note: doubled consonants (tt, dd) that are not meant to be pronounced as a unit are divided with apostrophes (t't, d'd). For instance, the word ikut'tu (subjunctive tense of ikutgun, to see) is pronounced [ik.ut̪.t̪u], not [ik.uɟu]. [edit] Vowels Monopthongs Front Central Back Close Close-mid Open-mid Open i 	 	u e 	 	o a

Dipthongs Closing to 'i' to 'u' Starting close Starting mid Starting open ei, oi 	eu ai 	au [edit] Phonological Constraints

The only consonant cluster allowed is stop+r (pr, br, tr, dr, ttr, ddr, kr, gr). {looking online, I can't really find anything about Latin or Basque phonological constraints} [edit] Grammar

Generally, Kundrati is an inflective, absolutive-ergative language. [edit] Nouns

Nouns are sorted into four categories:

* People and titles; these nouns end with -e. For instance: paure (child) * Other living things (incl. plants); these nouns end with -ak. For instance: anmalak (animal) * Inanimate objects (furniture, houses, etc.); these nouns end with -un. For instance: saulkun (chair) * Other nouns (abstract nouns, etc.); these nouns end with -ath. For instance: alderdath (political party)

Inflection is somewhat complicated in Kundrati. Kundrati Noun InflectionCategoryTranslation -e (paure)-ak (anmalak)-un (saulkun)-ath (alderdath) DefinitePlural definitePlural (w/adjective)IndefinitePlural indefinite Ike paure	Ika anmalak	Kun saulkun	Mat alderdath	the _______ Iye paureya	Iya anmalaya	Ka saulkuña	Ya alderdatta	the _______s Iye paureya adakya	Iya anmalaya adakya	Ka saulkuña adakya	Ya alderdatta adakya	the adamant/steely _______s Tek paure	Kat anmalak	Nu saulkun	Ram alderdath	a _______ Teya paureya	Katta anmalaya	Nuya saulkuña	Rana alderdatta	some ______s [edit] Explanation of cases

Here is an example of when to use each case, using ike paure/paure, Kundrati for 'the child'/'child'. Only ike paure (and declensions) are in Kundrati, for simplicity; the placement of words in English does not necessarily reflect Kundrati.

* Ike paure slept. (The child slept; Absolutive) * The animal saw ike paure. (The animal saw the child; Absolutive) * Ike pauret saw the animal. (The child saw the animal; Ergative) * Paured! Do your homework! (Child! Do your homework; Vocative) * The dog ike paura is cute. (The dog of the child is cute; Genitive) * Give the toy ike paurer. (Give the toy to the child; Dative) * He ran ike pauretik. (He ran away from the child; Ablative) * He ran ike paureran. (He ran towards the child; Terminative)

Below are examples of declensions for the different nouns. [edit] First Declension (-e) Kundrati Noun Case: First DeclensionSingular CaseSuffixEnglish prep.SampleTranslationPlural Absolutive	e	-	paure	child Ergative	et	-	pauret	child Vocative	ed	-	paured! child! Genitive	ek	-of	paura	of the child Dative	er	-to, -for	paurer	to the child Ablative	etik	-away from, -out of	pauretik	away from the child Terminative	eran	-towards, -into, -onto	paureran	towards the child Absolutive	eya	-	paureya	children Ergative	eyat	-	paureyat	children Vocative	eyad	-	paureyad! children! Genitive	aya	-of	pauraya	of the children Dative	eyer	-to, -for	paureyer	to the children Ablative	etil	-away from, -out of	pauretil	away from the children Terminative	eyan	-towards, -into, -onto	paureyan	towards the children [edit] Second Declension (-ak) Kundrati Noun Case: Second DeclensionSingular CaseSuffixEnglish prep.SampleTranslationPlural Absolutive	ak	-	anmalak	animal Ergative	ap	-	anmalap	animal Vocative	ita	-	anmalita! animal! Genitive	ka	-of	anmalka	of the animal Dative	ad	-to, -for	anmalat	to the animal Ablative	arir	-away from, -out of	anmalarir	away from the animal Terminative	aran	-towards, -into, -onto	anmalaran	towards the animal Absolutive	ayak	-	anmalayak	animals Ergative	ayap	-	anmalayap	animals Vocative	iyar	-	anmaliyar! animals! Genitive	kam	-of	anmalkam	of the animals Dative	adda	-to, -for	anmalatta	to the animals Ablative	alir	-away from, -out of	anmalalir	away from the animals Terminative	arran	-towards, -into, -onto	anmalarran	towards the animals [edit] Third Declension (-un) Kundrati Noun Case: Third DeclensionSingular CaseSuffixEnglish prep.SampleTranslationPlural Absolutive	un	-	saulkun	chair Ergative	u	-	saulku	chair Vocative	on	-	saulkon! chair! Genitive	uk	-of	saulkuk	of the chair Dative	uran	-to, -for	saulkuran	to the chair Ablative	ur	-away from, -out of	saulkur	away from the chair Terminative	o	-towards, -into, -onto	saulko	towards the chair Absolutive	uña	-	saulkuña	chairs Ergative	uñu	-	saulkuñu	chairs Vocative	unun	-	saulkunun! chairs! Genitive	oña	-of	saulkoña	of the chairs Dative	uñan	-to, -for	saulkuñan	to the chairs Ablative	unar	-away from, -out of	saulkunar	away from the chairs Terminative	oñe	-towards, -into, -onto	saulkoñe	towards the chairs [edit] Fourth Declension (-ath) Kundrati Noun Case: Fourth DeclensionSingular CaseSuffixEnglish prep.SampleTranslationPlural Absolutive	ath	-	alderdath	party Ergative	at	-	alderdat	party Vocative	eth	-	alderdeth! party! Genitive	atka	-of	alderdatka	of the party Dative	eran	-to, -for	alderdaran	to the party Ablative	ut	-away from, -out of	alderdut	away from the party Terminative	akra	-towards, -into, -onto	alderdakra	towards the party Absolutive	atta	-	alderdatta	parties Ergative	attak	-	alderdattak	parties Vocative	etta	-	alderdetta! parties! Genitive	etma	-of	alderdetma	of the parties Dative	afin	-to, -for	alderdafin	to the parties Ablative	itta	-away from, -out of	alderditta	away from the parties Terminative	arra	-towards, -into, -onto	alderdarra	towards the parties [edit] Pronouns Pronouns Person	Singular	Plural First	Ni	Gon Second	Di	Fik Third	Is	Me [edit] Verbs

Usually, the part of a sentence that deals with an action is made up of two verbs: the 'main verb' and the 'auxiliary verb'. The auxiliary verb is conjugated for the subject and object of the sentence, as well as the time of the action (past/present/future). The main verb is conjugated for everything else: perfection (I have done it vs. I do it), progression (I am doing it vs. I do it), and mood (You do it vs. It is important that you do it vs. Do it! vs. You do not do it). Passivity (Someone/something did it vs. It was done) is sometimes shown by using a 'subjectless' form of the auxiliary verb.

For instance, 'The voters elected Bob.' is 'Iye sokeyat Bobe adlegu mekois.', while 'Bob was elected.' is 'Bobe adlegu ekois.' [edit] Main verb

As mentioned earlier, the main verb is conjugated for perfection, progression, and mood. There are five verb declensions in Kundrati. Two are used for intransitive verbs, and three are for transitive verbs. Verbs which can be both are usually sorted for the more important category, and those that are too close to call (e.g. to eat) are often put in one of the three transitive declensions. [edit] -id (intransitive) CONJUGATION, lomid (to sleep) Tense	General	Example	English Infinitive	-id	lomid	to sleep Indicative	-ef	lomef	sleep Perfect/Participle	-ide	lomide	slept Progressive/Gerund	-edo	lomedo	sleeping Subjunctive	-it	lomit	it is important to sleep Imperative	-ud	lomud	sleep! Negative	-il	lomil	not sleep [edit] -da (intransitive) CONJUGATION, feritda (to arrive) Tense	General	Example	English Infinitive	-da	feritda	to sleep Indicative	-a	ferita	sleep Perfect/Participle	-de	feritde	slept Progressive/Gerund	-dako	feritdako	sleeping Subjunctive	-det	feritdet	it is important to sleep Imperative	-dit	feritdit	sleep! Negative	-dal	feritdal	not sleep [edit] -gun (transitive) CONJUGATION, ikutgun (to see) Tense	General	Example	English Infinitive	-gun	ikutgun	to see Indicative	-gu	ikutgu	see Perfect/Participle	-gat	ikutgat	saw Progressive/Gerund	-kan	ikutkan	seeing Subjunctive	-tu	ikut'tu	it is important to see Imperative	-go	ikutgo	see! Negative	-gul	ikutgul	not see [edit] -tso (transitive) CONJUGATION, edyatso (to eat) Tense	General	Example	English Infinitive	-tso	edyatso	to eat Indicative	-tsu	edyatsu	eat Perfect/Participle	-tto	edyatto	eaten Progressive/Gerund	-kon	edyakon	eating Subjunctive	-to	edyato	it is important to eat Imperative	-dzo	edyadzo	eat! Negative	-tsul	edyatsul	not eat [edit] -se (transitive) CONJUGATION, hatekse (to hold) Tense	General	Example	English Infinitive	-se	hatekse	to hold Indicative	-sim	hateksim	hold Perfect/Participle	-the	hatekthe	held Progressive/Gerund	-sen	hateksen	holding Subjunctive	-do	hatekdo	it is important to hold Imperative	-sem	hateksem	hold! Negative	-sel	kateksel	not hold [edit] Auxiliary verb

The auxiliary verb 'af' plays a crucial part in the sentence formation of Kundrati. [edit] Present tense Present Tense of Af Object Ni	Di	Is	Gon	Fik	Me	∅ Subject	Ni	Ñathe	Ñabe	Ñafis	Ñahon	Ñafik	Ñame	Ñaf Di	Ddathe	Ddabe	Ddafis	Ddahon	Ddafik	Ddame	Ddaf Is	Isathe	Isabe	Isafis	Isahon	Isafik	Isame	Isaf Gon	Gonathe	Gonabe	Gonafis	Gonahon	Gonafik	Goname	Gonaf Fik	Fikame	Fikade	Fikais	Fikado	Fikale	Fikan	Fika Me	Meathe	Meabe	Meafis	Meahon	Meafik	Meame	Meaf ∅	Athe	Abe	Afis	Ahon	Afik	Ame	∅ [edit] Past tense Past Tense of Af Object Ni	Di	Is	Gon	Fik	Me	∅ Subject	Ni	Ñekone	Ñekode	Ñekois	Ñekogon	Ñekofik	Ñekome	Ñeko Di	Ddekone	Ddekode	Ddekois	Ddekogon	Ddekofik	Ddekome	Ddeko Is	Isekone	Isekode	Isekois	Isekogon	Isekofik	Isekome	Isek Gon	Gonekone	Gonekode	Gonekois	Gonekogon	Gonekofik	Gonekome	Goneko Fik	Fikune	Fikude	Fikuis	Fikugon	Fikufik	Fikume	Fiku Me	Mekone	Mekode	Mekois	Mekogon	Mekofik	Mekome	Meko ∅	Ekone	Ekode	Ekois	Ekogon	Ekofik	Ekome	∅ [edit] Future tense Future Tense of Af Object Ni	Di	Is	Gon	Fik	Me	∅ Subject	Ni	Nipene	Nipere	Nipeis	Nipegon	Nipefik	Nipeme	Nipe Di	Dipene	Dipere	Dipeis	Dipegon	Dipefik	Dipeme	Dipe Is	Ispene	Ispere	Ispeis	Ispegon	Ispefik	Ispeme	Ispe Gon	Gotene	Gotere	Goteis	Gotegon	Gotefik	Goteme	Gote Fik	Fikpene	Fikpere	Fikpeis	Fikpegon	Fikpefik	Fikpeme	Fikpe Me	Mepene	Mepere	Mepeis	Mepegon	Mepefik	Mepeme	Mepe ∅	Pene	Pere	Peis	Pegon	Pefik	Peme	∅ [edit] Adjectives

Adjectives are formed by taking off the noun ending of a word and tacking on -i. This can cause confusion for non-Kundrati speakers, as they may attempt to form a word using this technique only to find out the newly formed adjective is already 'used' by a noun of a different classification ({example here}). Luckily, Kundrati has a rich palette of adjectives. Adjectives aren't changed by the classification or plurality of the noun they modify.