Judiciary of Cobura

The judiciary of Coburais the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in Cobura.

Definition
The Coburan legal system is a civil law mostly based on a comprehensive compendium of statutes, as compared to the common law systems. In criminal and administrative law, Cobura uses a combination of the inquisitorial system where the judges are actively involved in investigating the facts of the case, and the adversarial system where the role of the judge is primarily that of an impartial referee between the prosecutor or plaintiff and the defendant.

In Cobura, the independence of the judiciary is historically older than democracy. The organisation of courts is traditionally strong, and almost all national and constitutional actions are subject to judicial review.

Judge qualifications
Judges follow a distinct career path. At the end of their legal education at university, all law students must pass a state examination before they can continue on to an apprenticeship that provides them with broad training in the legal profession over two years. They then must pass a second state examination that qualifies them to practice law. At that point, the individual can choose either to be a lawyer or to enter the judiciary. Judicial candidates start working at courts immediately. However, they are subjected to a probationary period of up to five years before being appointed as judges for life.

Specialized courts
Specialized courts deal with four distinct subject areas: administrative, labour, fiscal, and patent law. Like the ordinary courts, they are organized hierarchically with the regional court systems under a national appeals court. All specialized law cases appealed to (only in case of error of law from trial decisions made in national courts) are tried by the High Court of Settlement.
 * Administrative law courts (Administrativaj Tribunaloj). In these courts, individuals can have wrongful administrative acts overturned. The High Administrative Law Court is the highest administrative law court.


 * Labour law courts (Laboralaj Tribunaloj) address disputes over collective bargaining agreements and working conditions. The Civil Labour Court is the highest labour law court.


 * Finance courts (Financaj Tribunaloj), also called tax law courts or fiscal courts, hear only tax-related cases. The National Finance Court is the highest tax law court.


 * The Patent Courts hear certain intellectual property cases on patents, utility rights and trademarks.

Supreme Appellation
In the very rare case of error of law from trial decisions made in the High Court of Settlement or the High Court of Cassation, the appeal will be tried by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court's decision is final and binding.