Grammar[]
The sentence structure of the language is SOV (Subject Object Verb) and uses particles to denote which case nouns in the sentence are in.
Cases and Particles[]
A fuller explanation is available at Old High Jelbic Grammar/Tutorial
Particles are used to modify nouns to indicate case, link sentences, form lists, mark chronological limits show contrast ("but"), pose a question or emphasise a point.
A variety of particles are used to label certain aspects of the sentence. These can depend on which case the items referred to in the sentence are in, they might be conjunctive, some modify nouns or make lists, whilst others some finish sentences to add assertions or requests:
Rough Notes for Future Summary[]
Predicates: no particle.
Topic: orzy
Nominative/Subject: wrzy;
Accusative/Object: grzy
Hrzy "in/to" Indirect object, destination (locative), passive voice agent, condition.
Drzy "due to", Location of action, Mode of possibility (instrumental)
Firja From, Because
timad Until, Up to
-é Adjective
-ék Possessive
trzy finite "and", "with", quote marker for direct speech
yrzy non-finite "and"
Mrzy "too", "also" or "as well"
Gerdzy "than/compared to"
Moki represents "more of"
Hrerwa (Luthori: "but/however")
Drmwa (Luthori: "even if, despite"; a contraction of drzy mrzy)
Yrzá or yrzé: emphatics exclamation marks:
Zri question marker:
Nrzé: tag question
Verbs[]
Jelbék verbs exist in two classes: -jo verbs and -mo verbs. Exceptions are rare, being limited to verbs that refer to ongoing states (knowing something, existing) and thus take continuous forms rather than present. However, all verbs conjugate regularly, with the exceptions limited to usage restrictions.
Conjugation table[]
These tables show the forms of each class of verb, with an example of each: jajo ("to meet") and jlemo ("to think").
The existence of a form in the table does not mean it is necessarily used for all verbs. The -(jo) and -(mo) stems in parentheses may be dropped in colloquial speech, for poetic license or when forming complicated structures.
Verb Form | -jo | jajo | Luthori |
---|---|---|---|
First Stage | |||
Present | -jo | jajo | "[I] meet (someone)." |
Intransitive | -(jo)kaf | jajokaf | "[I] meet." (unused in Luthori) |
Passive | -(jo)mi | jajomi | "[I] am met." |
Conjunctive | -(jo)hylak | jajohylak | "[I] meet/will meet/have met (someone) then..." |
Continuous | -(jo)zuo | jajozuo | "[I] am meeting (someone)." |
Imperative | -(jo)gah | jajogah | "Meet (someone)!" (an order) |
Causative | -(jo)kon | jajokon | "[I] am allowed to/have to meet (someone)." |
Volitional | -(jo)shu | jajoshu | "Let's meet (someone)/Shall [I] meet (someone)?" |
Second Stage | |||
Past | -(jo)mek | jajomek | "[I] met (someone)." |
Future | -(jo)fetak | jajofetak | "[I] will meet (someone)." |
Desire | -(jo)trnat | jajotrnat | "[I] want to meet (someone)." |
Third Stage | |||
Negative | -(jo)krza | jajokrza | "[I] did not met (someone)." |
Conditional | -(jo)matra | jajomatra | "If [I] meet (someone) then..." |
Gerund | -(jo)gad | jajogad | "Meeting." |
Adjectival | |||
Adjective | -zi | jajozi | "Approachable/Sociable" (lit., "meeting-like")) |
Adverb | -za | jajoza | "Approachably/Sociably" (lit., "meetingly") |
Verb Form | -mo | jlemo | Luthori |
---|---|---|---|
First Stage | |||
Present | -mo | jlemo | "[I] think (something)." |
Intransitive | -(mo)jaf | jlemojaf | "[I] think (generally)." |
Passive | -(mo)ji | jlemoji | "[I] am thought of." |
Conjunctive | -(mo)jylak | jlemojylak | "[I] think/will think/have thought (of something) then..." |
Continuous | -(mo)juo | jlemojuo | "[I] am thinking (something)." |
Imperative | -(mo)jah | jlemojah | "Think (something)!" (an order) |
Causative | -(mo)jon | jlemojon | "[I] am allowed to/have to think (something)." |
Volitional | -(mo)ju | jlemoju | "Let's think (something)/Shall [I] think (of something)?" |
Second Stage | |||
Past | -(mo)jek | jlemojek | "[I] thought (of something)." |
Future | -(mo)jetak | jlemojetak | "[I] will think (of something)." |
Desire | -(mo)jrnat | jlemojrnat | "[I] want to think (of something)." |
Third Stage | |||
Negative | -(mo)jrza | jlemojrza | "[I] did not think (something)." |
Conditional | -(mo)jatra | jlemojatra | "If [I] think (something) then..." |
Gerund | -(mo)jad | jlemojad | "Thinking (something)." |
Adjectival | |||
Adjective | -ji | jleji | "Thoughtful." (lit., "Thought-like") |
Adverb | -ja | jleja | "Thoughtfully." (lit., "Thinkingly") |